Category: Pathology
Pathology is the study of diseases affecting humans. Our topics offer insights into various disease mechanisms including their cytological, histological and clinical manifestations.
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Why knowledge of autoimmune diseases,& immunodeficiency is valuable in healthcare
Defining autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are direct consequences of immune-mediated inflammatory reaction with some features of chronic inflammation. In organ-specific autoimmune diseases, the immune response is against a single organ. During systemic autoimmune diseases, there is a wide-spread immune response against an antigen. Autoimmune diseases and immunological tolerance In order for our tissues to live Read more
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Now let’s review the immune response and hypersensitivity reaction
The normal immune response A normal immune response offers coordinated protection against foreign infections. It must ensure immunological tolerance towards self-antigen. Types of immune response include: natural, innate immunity & acquired, adaptive immunity. First responders to infection are the natural, innate immunity. Acquired, adaptive immunity are second responders stimulated by microbes, and foreign antigens. It Read more
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Acid-base disorders and what we should know
The physiology of acid-base balance Acids are substances that dissociate to release hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions. Conjugate bases are substances that receive hydrogen ions in aqueous medium. In normal human metabolism, our body produces CO2, H20 & energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids in the Krebs cycle pathway. CO2 Read more
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How shock and pulmonary embolism can be devastating
Embolism and their types An embolus is a separated intravascular mass in various forms that travels by blood to a distant site from its place of origin. They appear in solid, liquid and gaseous forms & are becoming silent killers because of their insidious onsets, elusive natures, & very drastic consequences. Pulmonary embolism has been Read more
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This is the pathogenesis of thrombi
The disorders of hemodynamics and homeostasis The hemodynamic and homeostatic disorders specify abnormal changes in the blood component. Here we shall discuss about them. Edema is an abnormal increase of fluid within the interstitium of tissues. A disbalance between the capillary hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure result in a transudative fluid. Edema among different tissues Read more
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This is what granulation tissue formation may cause
The extracellular matrix The Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the foundation for tissue renewal; supports anchoring, migration, & polarity of cells; controls cell growth & proliferation; strorage & presentation of regulatory molecules (e.g. FGF, HGF). The parts of the ECM include: interstitial matrix and basal membrane. The interstial matrix is the spaces between tissues, while the Read more
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What you should know about cell proliferation
Tissue renewal & cell proliferation Research in the area of regenerative medicine has established hope in the use of stem cells to develop least diving cells. Tissue renewal can be defined by how they can regenerate or repair themselves after damage. Regeneration is the proliferation of cells to completely replace damaged structures. Repair is the Read more
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The disastrous consequences of chronic inflammation
Definition: Chronic inflammation is the prolonged response of inflammatory cells to microbial products and toxic insults. Macrophages are the predominant cells in chronic inflammation. The causes of chronic inflammation include: Unregulated immune reactions as in allergy, & rheumatoid arthritis; stubborn infections resulting in granuloma formation; continuous exposure to toxic substances as in coal and lipid. Read more