Category: Pathology
How to identify neoplasms and tumor-like lesions affecting children
Benign neoplasm and tumor-like lesions About 2 in 100 malignant tumors affect children worldwide. Macroscopically, neoplasm (true tumors) and a tumor-like lesion may look similar, however they present as different lesions. While tumor-like lesions may look benign in nature, they may cause clinical problems based on size and location. We shall categorize tumor-like lesions based… Read more
Congenital anomalies that you should know
Childhood abnormalities For children below 12 years old, the most leading causes of death are congenital anomalies. However, beyond this age other leading causes include accident and adverse effects, malignant cancers, lower respiratory tract infections. Our focus shall be on congenital anomalies, perinatal infections and childhood tumors. Congenital anomalies Congenital anomalies are structural defects present… Read more
How to identify the implications of genetic disorders
The human gene and genetic disorders The human gene is a complex structure through which all human traits can be confirmed. The study of genetics has made us understand the source of our identity and variations among humans. About 0.5% of our DNA epresses the traits responsible for polymorphysm. These variations are heritable differences expressed… Read more
Why knowledge of autoimmune diseases,& immunodeficiency is valuable in healthcare
Defining autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are direct consequences of immune-mediated inflammatory reaction with some features of chronic inflammation. In organ-specific autoimmune diseases, the immune response is against a single organ. During systemic autoimmune diseases, there is a wide-spread immune response aginst an antigen. Autoimmune diseases and immunological tolerance In order for our tissues to live… Read more
Now let’s review the immune response and hypersensitivity reaction
The normal immune response A normal immune response offers co-ordinated protection against foreign infections. It must ensure immunological tolerance towords self-antigen. Types of immune response include: natural, innate immunity & acquired, adaptive immunity. First responders to infection are the natural, innate immunity. Acquired, adaptive immunity are second responders stimulated by microbes, and foreign antigens. It… Read more
Acid-base disorders and what we should know
The physiology of acid-base balance Acids are substances that dissociate to release hydrogen ion in aqueous solutions. Conjugate bases are substances that receive hydrogen ions in aqueous medium. In normal human metabolism, our body produces CO2, H20 & energy from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids in the Krebs cycle pathway. CO2… Read more
How shock and pulmonary embolism can be devastating
Embolism and their types An embolus is a separated intravascular mass in various forms that travels by blood to a distant site from its place of origin. They appear in solid, liquid and gaseous forms & are becoming silent killers because of their insidious onsets, elusive natures, & very drastic consequences. Pulmonary embolism has been… Read more
This is the pathogenesis of thrombi
The disorders of hemodynamics and homeostasis The hemodynamic and homeostatic disorders specify abnormal changes in the blood component. Here we shall discuss about them. Edema is an abnormal increase of fluid within the interstitium of tissues. A disbalance between the capillary hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure result in a transudative fluid. Edema among different tissues… Read more