Category: Pathology

Introduction part 1 The homo sapiens heart pumps over 5 liters of blood per minute to meet the body’s need. However, abnormal changes in their structure may lead to disturbing physiological consequences. Cardiovascular disease reduces life expectancy and increases health cost, & is the number one cause of worldwide death. The overall weight of the Read more

Introduction The spinal nerves are peripheral nerves, which compose of both motor and sensory nerve fibers that exit the spinal canal through the interverbal foramen. A single Schwann cell wraps a neuronal axon segment to form a myelin sheath.  The neuromuscular motor unit is a combination of peripheral motor neurons with their axons & innervated Read more

Introduction The eye is a delicate organ of the body, whose continuous normal function enables a better quality of life. While minor diseases that affect the eyes reduce the quality of life, other severe diseases may produce a more lethal condition. Here are some of the disorders of the eye: Proptosis This is the displacement Read more

Introduction on CNS injury The CNS consists of neurons that receive, store & send information, & despite their specialized functions, there are still a growing number of injuries that affect the CNS. The types of CNS injuries include: Acute neuronal injury (red neurons); subacute & chronic neuronal injury (degeneration); motor axons damage; neuronal inclusions; proteinopathies. Read more

Introduction The bones, ligaments, cartilages and muscles are important components of the musculoskeletal system. Together, they’re responsible for the shape, size of the body; motion; visceral organ protection & hematopoiesis, particularly in bones. The layers of the bone include the periosteum & endosteum.  Within the bones are: osteoid (unmineralized organic matrix); mineral calcium hydroxyapatite; osteoprogenitor Read more

Introduction The skin is a complex organ, and yet the largest among other organs. The skin has various functions related to its composition. The division of the skin includes the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The maturation of keratinocytes begins in an ascending order from basal cell layer to topmost corneal layer. The epidermis consists of Read more

Introduction Diseases of the head and neck affect organs around the head and neck. These organs include: the teeth & supporting structures; nose; pharynx; larynx; ear; salivary glands. We shall begin by discussing these diseases one after the other. The teeth have several parts including the enamel; dentin; pulp chamber; cementum; periodontal ligament. While the Read more

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma This is a tumor of mature B-cells, in which these tumor cells differentiate largely into immunoglobulin M producing plasma cells. It usually affects people between 60 & 70 years of age. Histologically, these neoplastic plasma cells contain Russell bodies (Cytoplasmic Ig) & Dutcher bodies (nuclear Ig) on periodic acid-Schiff stain. The cause is Read more