Category: Pathology

Introduction on CNS injury The CNS consists of neurons that receive, store & send information, & despite their specialized functions, there are still a growing number of injuries that affect the CNS. The types of CNS injuries include: Acute neuronal injury (red neurons); subacute & chronic neuronal injury (degeneration); motor axons damage; neuronal inclusions; proteinopathies. Read more

Introduction The bones, ligaments, cartilages and muscles are important components of the musculoskeletal system. Together, they’re responsible for the shape, size of the body; motion; visceral organ protection & hematopoiesis, particularly in bones. The layers of the bone include the periosteum & endosteum.  Within the bones are: osteoid (unmineralized organic matrix); mineral calcium hydroxyapatite; osteoprogenitor Read more

Introduction The skin is a complex organ, and yet the largest among other organs. The skin has various functions related to its composition. The division of the skin includes the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The maturation of keratinocytes begins in an ascending order from basal cell layer to topmost corneal layer. The epidermis consists of Read more

Introduction Diseases of the head and neck affect organs around the head and neck. These organs include: the teeth & supporting structures; nose; pharynx; larynx; ear; salivary glands. We shall begin by discussing these diseases one after the other. The teeth have several parts including the enamel; dentin; pulp chamber; cementum; periodontal ligament. While the Read more

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma This is a tumor of mature B-cells, in which these tumor cells differentiate largely into immunoglobulin M producing plasma cells. It usually affects people between 60 & 70 years of age. Histologically, these neoplastic plasma cells contain Russell bodies (Cytoplasmic Ig) & Dutcher bodies (nuclear Ig) on periodic acid-Schiff stain. The cause is Read more

Introduction White blood cell disorders as a topic, requires undivided attention as their signs overlap on some occasions. Quality attention creates a room for better decision making in diagnosis and scheduling treatment. These white cell disorders usually originate from hematopoietic cells of either common myeloid or common lymphoid progenitors in bone marrows. White cell disorders Read more

ANEURYSM Aneurysm is the abnormal dilation of a segment of arterial blood vessel or heart. There are two types: True and false aneurysm. True aneurysm is the dilation of an intact, modified wall of arterial blood vessel or heart. E.g. atherosclerotic, syphilitic, & congenital aneurysm; ventricular aneurysm following transmural myocardial infarction. There are two types Read more

Introduction Worldwide, an estimate of 1 in 4 adults between 30 to 79 years of age have hypertension. According to the National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the U.S.A., The standard threshold for clinically significant hypertension is ≥140/90mmHg. However, other factors may affect this threshold.   The NHLBI defines a malignant hypertension as Read more