Author: udimdennis

Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhea These are aerobic gram-negative diplococci bacteria. Transmission of N. meningitidis occurs by inhalation. This bacterium colonizes the oropharynx and causes bacterial meningitis in children under 2 years. N. gonorrhea is found in the genital, cervical, pharyngeal, and anal mucosa. Transmission occurs by sexual route. Causes symptomatic urethritis in men, pelvic inflammatory… Read more

Introduction With infection control methods including sanitation and vaccination programs, deaths from infection are still reported. The older population with chronic diseases and weak immunity die more than the younger population. Children and young adults are more likely to die more from immunodeficiency syndromes than older people. Infectious agents range from abnormal proteins (prions) to… Read more

Introduction The clinical implications of tumor cells may range from minute to large depending on their stages. Signs and symptoms may also reflect the primary anatomical sites involved, including adjacent locations as well. Before we dive into the clinical implications, let’s discuss the routes of cancer spread & tumor immunity. Cancers may spread through these… Read more

Definition According to the WHO statistics of 2021, cancer is among the top 10 leading causes of death globally. Despite current advancement in healthcare research and treatment, it’s still a tremendous burden among patients and their relatives. Along with its morbidity and mortality, its infliction of psychological stress, financial strain and pain among sufferers shouldn’t… Read more

Benign neoplasm and tumor-like lesions About 2 in 100 malignant tumors affect children worldwide. Macroscopically, neoplasm (true tumors) and a tumor-like lesion may look similar, however they present as different lesions. While tumor-like lesions may look benign in nature, they may cause clinical problems based on size and location. We shall categorize tumor-like lesions based… Read more

Childhood abnormalities For children below 12 years old, the most leading causes of death are congenital anomalies. However, beyond this age other leading causes include accident and adverse effects, malignant cancers, lower respiratory tract infections. Our focus shall be on congenital anomalies, perinatal infections and childhood tumors. Congenital anomalies Congenital anomalies are structural defects present… Read more

The human gene and genetic disorders The human gene is a complex structure through which all human traits can be confirmed. The study of genetics has made us understand the source of our identity and variations among humans. About 0.5% of our DNA epresses the traits responsible for polymorphysm. These variations are heritable differences expressed… Read more

Defining autoimmune diseases Autoimmune diseases are direct consequences of immune-mediated inflammatory reaction with some features of chronic inflammation. In organ-specific autoimmune diseases, the immune response is against a single organ. During systemic autoimmune diseases, there is a wide-spread immune response aginst an antigen. Autoimmune diseases and immunological tolerance In order for our tissues to live… Read more