1. Immunohistochemistry
This is a lab technique that uses a microscope in discovering specific proteins(antigens) on the surface of blood cells. This is successful with the aid of an enzyme coated monoclonal antibody. A color change appearance on the microscope signals that the protein is identified. Used in testing for Leukemia and lymphoma.
2. Immunophenotyping
This lab technique uses a flow cytometer to collect samples of blood or tissues mixed with sparkling monoclonal antibodies.
Interaction between the proteins(antigens) and sparkling antibodies produce a sparkle that is detected by the machine. This is used in testing for Leukemia and Lymphoma.
3. Immunotyping
This uses capillary electrophoresis to identify and count abnormal immunoglobulins in the serum or urine.
These abnormal immunoglobulins react against their corresponding antisera (monoclonal antibodies) and then disappear in the sample medium. When this occurs, it confirms the presence of abnormal immunoglobulins. This is used in testing for Myeloma.
4. Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization
FISH employs a fluorescent microscope to detect incorrect DNA sequences.
When a fluorescent stained DNA interacts with specific sequences of a chromosome sample, a sparkle is produced. This sparkle is detected under a microscope, and then chromosome numbers counted.
This lab technique is used in testing for breast cancer and other blood cancer cells to identify gene abnormalities.